メンデルの法則を超絶わかりやすく解説!

メンデルの法則とは

優性(顕性)の法則: 交雑によって生じた雑種第1代では、優性(顕性)形質だけが現れ、劣性(潜性)形質は潜在しているだけで形質として現れない。

分離の法則: 配偶子を形成するときは、対を成す遺伝子は分離する。

独立の法則: それぞれの形質は独立に無関係に遺伝する。

「優性(顕性)の法則」「分離の法則」「独立の法則」を3つをまとめて「メンデルの法則」といいます。

上の説明を読んだだけで、何のことを言っているのかわからなくても大丈夫です。
これからしっかり説明していきます!

大学で生物学を学んでいても、本当にしっかりとメンデルの法則を理解している大学生は実は少ないんですよね。それなりにわかっている人なら多いのですが、生物学を専門に学んでいる人にとっても、少し複雑な法則なんです。(遺伝学を学んでいる大学生はそうではないはずですが)

メンデルの法則は、遺伝学の教科書で第一章に現れる法則です。それほど重要な発見をしたのがメンデルという人です。なのですが、実はメンデルの本職は科学者ではなく、修道士でした。メンデルは修道院の裏庭でエンドウを使って実験をし、生物学を根本的からくつがえす発見をしたのです。

グレゴール・メンデルって誰?

修道服を着たメンデル

あるアメリカ人の夫婦に子どもが生まれました。
お父さんも金髪、お母さんも金髪だった場合、ふたりの赤ちゃんの髪の毛の色はどうなるでしょう?

そりゃあ、赤ちゃんは金髪…だよね?

そうですね! ほぼ100%金髪や薄い色の髪の毛の赤ちゃんが生まれます。

では、お父さんもお母さんも黒髪だった場合はどうでしょう?

黒髪の赤ちゃんが生まれる…よね?

確かに、黒髪の赤ちゃんが生まれることが多いですが、金髪の赤ちゃんが生まれることもとっても多いんです!

え、そんな!

日本では考えられないことですが、アメリカのような様々な民族が集まった「移民の国」の場合、全然珍しいことではないんですよ!

 

これにはメンデルの法則が関わっています。メンデルの法則について探りながら、なぜ黒髪の親から金髪の赤ちゃんが生まれるのかを考えていきましょう!

メンデルは報われない天才だった

グレゴール・メンデル

メンデルは「遺伝学の父」とされている生物学者です。彼が発見した法則は、彼自身の名前をとって「メンデルの法則」と名付けられています。

いまでこそ「遺伝学の父」と呼ばれて尊敬されているメンデルですが、生きている間に彼の業績は評価されることはありませんでした。メンデルは自分の研究の重要性を認められることはなく、失意のうちに亡くなってしまいました。そして、その重要な発見「メンデルの法則」も、メンデルの死後15年以上経ってから「再発見」されるまで、長い間埋もれてしまっていたのです。

いまでこそ遺伝学の基礎であり「あたりまえ」とされているメンデルの法則ですが、当時は「奇抜すぎるアイディア」だったのです!

遺伝とは血を混ぜ合わせるようなものだと思われていた

メンデルが生きた時代、「遺伝」は液体を混ぜ合わせるようなものだと考えられていました。両親の血をかき混ぜるように父親と母親の特徴が合わさった特徴を子どもは受け継ぐということです。これを「融合説」といいます。

親と子どもは全く同じ顔や性格をしているわけではありませんが、なんとなく似ていることが多いですよね。兄弟や姉妹も、血がつながっていない他人と比べると似ていることが多いものです。だから、お父さんとお母さんの血がミックスされて、子どもに受け継がれるのは、なんとなく正しい気がしませんか。

しかし、これが正しければ、重大な矛盾が生じてしまいます!

液体は一度混ぜ合わせてしまったら元に戻すことができません。遺伝が液体を混ぜるようなものだとすると、世代を経るにつれ、全員が同じ顔、同じ背丈、同じ性格——ということになってしまいます。日本人全員が、世代を重ねるごとに、ある特定の同じ顔に近づいていく…なんて怖いですね。もちろん、そんなことにはなりませんが。

しかし、メンデルによって遺伝の法則が発見される以前は、「遺伝」の原理がよくわかっていなかったので、両親の特徴が混ぜ合わせられるのだろうと考えられていたのです。

しかし、当時の人々も、同じ両親から生まれてくる兄弟の顔が違う理由が説明できなかったり、黒髪の両親から金髪の子どもが生まれてきたり、黒い目の両親から青い目の子どもが生まれてくる理由は「謎」であると考えてはいました。

では、このような融合説による謎を、メンデルはどのようにして解決したのでしょうか。

融合説が完全に正しいとすると、いろいろな現象が説明できません。しかし、子どもは多かれ少なかれ両親に似ていますね。とくに「母親似」「父親似」という言葉があるように、両親のどちらかに特によく似ていることが多いです。

メンデルもなんらかの形で両親の特徴が子に受け継がれるとは思っていました。しかし、メンデルがすごいのは、

メンデル
メンデル

遺伝とは「液体」が混ぜ合わせるようなものではなく、「粒のような因子」が混ぜ合わせられ、その組み合わせによって起こるものだ!

と気づいたことです。

メンデルが考えたこのような「粒のような因子」による考え方は「融合説」に対して「粒子説」と呼ばれています。メンデルの法則について理解するということは、この「粒子説」について理解することです。では、メンデルの法則について学んでいきましょう。

優性(顕性)の法則

交雑によって生じた雑種第1代では、優性形質だけが現れ、劣性形質は潜在しているだけで形質として現れないこと。

メンデルは「遺伝」とは、両親の血を混ぜ合わせるようなものではなく、粒状の因子をミックスするものだと発見しました。これはどういう意味なのでしょう。

以下、メンデルが遺伝は「粒だ!」と気づいた実験について詳しく(それでいて、わかりやすく)見ていきましょう。

ちなみに、「優性」や「劣性」という生物学の用語は、それぞれ「dominant」と「recessive」という英語の和訳として伝統的に使用されてきましたが、日本語では誤解を招きやすいという理由から、最近では「顕性」や「潜性」という用語が使われるようになってきています。

しかし、まだまだ顕性や潜性という用語を使っている本や記事は少ないので、この記事でも従来通りの表記に従って、「優性」や「劣性」という表記にしております。

メンデルが選んだエンドウの7つの形質

まず、メンデルはエンドウを観察して個体ごとに異なっている形質を7つ選びました。形質とは、遺伝的な性質のうち、目に見えたり匂いがしたりという五感で感じられるかたちで現れてくる性質のことです。

メンデルが実験のために選んだ7つの形質

学校の教科書の多くが、7つ全部には言及せずに、エンドウの種子の実験のみを掲載していますので、ここでもエンドウの種子の例を使って説明をしていきたいと思います。

エンドウ豆をよく見ると、丸い種子とシワのある種子があります。下の写真でもそうであるように、シワのある種子は丸い種子に比べてかなり少ないですけどね。

また、種子の形状の種類は「丸」か「シワ」しかありません。たとえば、「三角」の種子や「しまもよう」の種子はありません。丸かシワのどちらかです。

野生型と変異型

ヒトでもイヌでもエンドウでもそうですが、生物の形質にはさまざまな違いがあります。背が高かったり、毛が白かったり、種子にシワがよっていたり——。

形質の中で自然で育っている個体の中で最も数が多い一般的な形質は「野生型」と呼ばれます。

エンドウの種子の「丸」か「シワ」かという形質に関しては、野生型は丸い種子です。ヒトの身長だと、160-170cm前後と言えますね。中には2m以上のヒトもたくさんいますが、これは「野生型」とは言えないでしょう。日本人では特にそうですね。

一方で、野生型ではない形質はすべて「変異型」と呼ばれます。エンドウのシワのある種子や、2m以上の身長のヒト、また逆に140cmしか身長がないヒトは変異型といえるでしょう。ただし、この「野生型」や「変異型」という表現は、ヒトにはあまり使用されない用語です。

純系の品種での実験

メンデルが当時の他の生物学者と一線を画したのは、純系を用いて実験したところです。純系とは自家受精や近親交配をしたときに親と似た子しか生まれない品種のことです。

純系と雑種の違い

イヌやネコを買うときは、だれもが「純系」とか「雑種」という言葉を聞くと思います。チワワやプードル、ラブラドール・レトリバーといったよく聞く名前はイヌの純系の品種の名前です。

プードルという名前のしゅがいるわけではありません。イヌという種の中の「プードル」や「ラブラドール・レトリバー」という分類が品種です。そして、品種が同じ個体のオスとメスからは、同じ品種の子どもが生まれます。このように、同じ品種の親同士から同じ特徴を持った子が生まれるとき、その個体は純系であるといえます。

プードル
ラブラドール・レトリバー

プードルとラブラドール・レトリバーはそれぞれ純系で、また異なる品種です。かなり見た目は違いますが、同じ「イヌ」という同一の種であり、そのために交配する(交尾して子どもを作る)ことができます。種が異なっていると、いくら似ている種でも基本的に交配はできません。よって、アザラシとオットセイからは子どもは生まれません。

アザラシ
アシカ

そして、プードルとラブラドール・レトリバーという純系同士が交配してできた子どもは、もはや純系ではなくなります。これを「雑種」といいます。プードルとラブラドールの子どもは「ラブラドゥードル」と呼ばれる雑種で、プードルとラブラドールのそれぞれから半分くらいずつの特徴を受け継ぎます。

ラブラドゥードル(画像元)

一度雑種になってしまえば、基本的には純系に戻すことはできません。なので、ペット用のイヌを交配させるブリーダーという職業の人は、親のイヌが本当に純系かどうかをしっかりと確認して子犬をつくります。

ちなみに人間は「サピエンス」という種です。種だけではなく属の名前も含めて「ホモ・サピエンス」と呼ぶこともあります。黒人、白人という言葉でサピエンスの人種を表すことがありますが、この区分は肌の色で「人種」を区別をしているだけなので、イヌで言うところの品種とは少し意味合いが異なります。

メンデルは自家受精ができるエンドウの純系を使って実験した

メンデルがエンドウを実験に用いた理由のひとつは、エンドウが自家受精をするからです。自家受精とは、1つの個体がオスでもメスでもあり、自分の卵子に自分の精子を受精させることです。自家受粉できる種は植物に多く、おしべとめしべの両方を持つ植物が、自分のめしべに自分おしべの花粉をつけて受粉します。

1つの個体がオスとメスに分かれていない植物は雌雄同体しゆうどうたいなどと呼ばれ、多くの植物がこの雌雄同体です。1しかし、同じ個体におしべとめしべの両方があっても、自家受粉できない種はとても多いのです。また、自家受粉できたとしても、受精には至らないことも多いです。2

たとえば、ソメイヨシノは雌雄同体ですが、自家受精ができないので、ソメイヨシノは挿し木で増やすしかありません。そのため、ソメイヨシノはすべてクローンです。

ソメイヨシノは全部クローン ー 江戸時代に「染井村」で交配されたたった1本の木が源流
ソメイヨシノはすべてクローンなのですべての木が同じゲノムをもっている日本全国に生えるソメイヨシノはすべて同一のゲノムをもっています。つまり、ソメイヨシノはすべてクローンで、一本の桜の木を源流としています。ソメイヨシノは美しい花を咲かせますが...

しかし、エンドウは自家受精ができますし、放っておいたら基本的に自家受精をします。なので、純系の個体を得たいときに、わざわざ慎重に選んで交配させなければならないイヌやネコとは違って、純系のエンドウはそのままずっと純系であり続けます。

メンデルは、まず何度もエンドウを自家受精してみて、実験に使うエンドウが絶対に純系であることを確立してから実験をはじめました。つまり、丸の種子だけで絶対にシワのある種子はできないエンドウと、シワの種子だけを実らすエンドウを確立してから実験を始めました。これがメンデルのすばらしい着眼点で、これによってメンデルは世紀の大発見ができたのです。

メンデルの実験とその結果

こうして純系のエンドウを使ってメンデルは実験をはじめました。

まず、メンデルは純系の丸い種子のめしべに純系のシワの種子の花粉を「他家たか受粉」させました。他家受精は自家受精の反対で、オスとメスが同じ植物であっても、異なる個体同士の生殖細胞を受粉することです。

メンデルはエンドウを人工的に他家受粉させた

メンデルは種類の異なる純系の個体同士を交配させたので、「雑種」を作ったということです。そして、その他家受粉したエンドウを育て、その雑種がどのような種子をつけるかを調べました。

雑種第1世代ではシワの種子ができない

その結果、驚いたことにすべての種子が丸い種子になりました。シワのある種子を実らすエンドウの花粉をつけたというのに、シワがある種子はできなかったのです!

メンデルはおじべとめしべを逆にして、シワの種子のめしべに丸い種子の花粉をつけてみる実験も行いました。しかし、それでも実験結果は同じでした。雑種第1世代の個体からは、すべて丸い種子を実り、シワのある種子はできませんでした。

二度目の実験では「丸い種子 : シワの種子 = 3 : 1」

次にメンデルは丸い種子とシワのある種子を交配して作った雑種第1世代を自家受粉させてみました。雑種第1世代はすべて丸い種子です。

メンデルは雑種第2世代が成長して実がなるまで待って、その実を調べました。すると、びっくり!

雑種1世代目はすべて丸い種子ができていたというのに、その次の第2世代では、シワの種子が実っていたのです。

また、興味深いことに、雑種第2世代から得られた種子は、

丸い種子 : シワの種子 = 3 : 1

となっていました。

優性(顕性)と劣性(潜性)

メンデルは1回目の実験で純系同士から作られた雑種第1世代で現れた形質を優性(顕性)と呼ぶことにしました。そして、雑種第1世代で現れなかった形質を劣性(潜性)と呼びました。丸い種子は優性の形質で、シワの種子は劣性の形質ということです。3

このように、交雑によって生じた雑種第1代では、優性形質だけが現れ、劣性形質は潜在しているだけで形質として現れません。これが優性の法則です。

メンデルは他の純系の形質についても調べて見ました。そしたら、

ー 種子の色: 黄色が優性、緑色が劣性
ー 花の色:  紫色が優性、白が劣性

と、実験で選んだ7つの形質がすべて優性、もしくは劣性のどちらかの形質を示しました。

エンドウの優性の形質と劣性の形質

そして、これらの実験で得られた雑種を自家受精してみて得られた優性と劣性の形質の現れ方の比率は優性 : 劣性 = 3 : 1になりました。丸い種子とシワのある種子のときと同じですね。どうして3:1なのでしょうか。メンデルはこれについて考察を深め、分離の法則を導き出しました。

分離の法則

配偶子を形成するときは、対を成す遺伝子は分離する。

遺伝学では1回目のに交配した雑種のことは「F₁世代」、2回目に交配した雑種のことは「F₂世代」と呼びます。これからはこの呼び方を使っていきましょう。F₁世代というときのFは「filial」という単語の略で、「第〜世代の」という意味があります。また親の世代のことを「P世代」、または「P₁世代」ということもあります。Pは「parental」という単語の略で「親の」という意味です。

雑種を作る実験結果から、メンデルがもっとも不思議だと思ったのは、1回目にエンドウが雑種になったときに現れなかった劣性のシワの形質が、雑種第2世代では現れたことです。丸:シワ=3:1と劣性の形質は割合としては少ないのですが、それでもシワの種子が実ったことは不思議です。

また、F₂世代で現れたシワの形質は、親(P₁)のシワの形質と全く同じだったのです。つまり、シワが目立たなくなったり、シワのよりかたが変わったりはしなかったのです。

形質を決める因子(遺伝子)という概念

実験結果について、メンデルは次のように仮説を立てて、当時有名な生物学者だった友人に手紙を送りました。4

両親がもつ二つの形質が、個別に、何の変化もせずに出現し、形質の一方からもう一方へ、何かが受け渡されたり引き継がれたりしたことを示す事実は何もなかった。5

ちょっとわかりづらいので、より簡単に言いかえると、エンドウには、

・エンドウには「丸の種子をつくる因子」と「シワの種子をつくる因子」があり、F₁世代の雑種は、たとえ優性形質の丸い種子しか実っていなかったとしても、「丸い種子の遺伝子」と「シワの種子の遺伝子」の両方を持つ。
・そして、雑種では親がもっていた因子がそのままのかたちで維持され、雑種で形質が現れなくても因子が混ぜ合わされたり、失われたりすることはない。

ということです。一言でいえば、形質を決める因子は混ざり合うことはない、ということです。冒頭で述べた「粒子説」ですね。

メンデルが現れるまえには遺伝学は確立されていなかったので、「遺伝子(gene)」という言葉はありませんでした。なので、メンデルは「因子(factor)」という言葉を用いたのです。

しかし、現在は遺伝子という言葉が広く使用されていますので、説明をわかりやすくするために、これからはこの記事でも「遺伝子」という言葉を使っていきます。

「遺伝子」という言葉は「遺伝する単位」という意味です。なので、遺伝子の「子」は「子供」の子ではなく、「因子」や「粒子」などというときに使われる「子」の意味です。

子どもに受け継がれても遺伝子の数は同じ

メンデルは優性:劣性 = 3:1になる理由を、次のように考えました。

優性の丸い種子をつくる遺伝子をAシワの種子をつくる遺伝子をaと書いて考えましょう。すると、F₁はAとaの両方を持つことになります。

しかし、親の世代では1つだった遺伝子が、F₁世代のエンドウでは2つになっています。ならば、F₁を自家受粉したF₂世代では、さらに遺伝子が「AAaa」と増えてしまうのでしょうか。

これではF₂を自家受粉すると「AAAAaaaa」に、F₃を自家受粉すると「AAAAAAAAaaaaaaaa」になってしまします。これは変ですよね。6DNAは細胞の核に入っています。細胞はとても小さく、人間の大人のからだは60兆個もの細胞から構成されています。そんなに小さな細胞の中に遺伝子は入っているので、すぐに入りきらなくなってしまいます。

卵や精子になるときに遺伝子は分離する

メンデルもおかしいと思いました。そこで、次のように考えました。

卵や花粉、精子といった配偶子(生殖細胞)が作られるときには、遺伝子が2つに分かれるのではないか。

F₁世代で考えてみましょう。F₁の丸い種子はAaという遺伝子を持っていました。そして、このAaの種子が成長して花を咲かせます。そして、植物の生殖器官である花のおしべやめしべで、らんや花粉がつくられるとき、この卵や花粉は、花や種子と同じAaの遺伝子ではなく、遺伝子が半分だけ入った「A」だけ、または「a」だけの遺伝子を持つとメンデルは考えたのです。

Aやaだけの遺伝子をもつ花粉と卵が受精して種子ができます。受精すると、卵と花粉の遺伝子がそれぞれ一個ずつ合体するので、遺伝子はまたAAAaaaと2個に戻ります。子どもの世代で遺伝子が増えることはありません。

このように考えると、F₁世代では現れなかった形質が、F₂世代では現れることが説明できます。配偶子が作られるときに、対となっている遺伝子が分離するために、このような現象が起こります。これが分離の法則です。

配偶子がつくられるときに遺伝子が分離するのは減数分裂が起こるためです。減数分裂は生殖細胞の形成のときにだけ起こる特別な細胞分裂で、減数分裂によって遺伝子は分離することになります。

減数分裂について超絶わかりやすく解説!
わかりづらい減数分裂を、だれにでも一目でわかるように図やイラストを使って説明してみました。体細胞分裂との違いや減数分裂で異常が起きたときに起こる染色体異常(ダウン症やターナー症候群)についても扱っています。

優性の法則と分離の法則を合体すると3:1が説明できる

この分離の法則と優性の法則を両方とも適用してみましょう。そうすると、3:1の謎が解けます!

ここまでのおさらいです。生物は同じ種類の遺伝子を2つずつ持っています。そして、卵や精子は2つの遺伝子を持たず、1つずつ遺伝子を持ちます。そして、受精するときに卵と精子が合体するので、受精卵では遺伝子は2つに戻ります。

これが正しいならば、Aaという植物の花粉が作られるときは、Aの花粉や卵とaの花粉や卵が同じ数ずつ作られなければならないですよね。遺伝子はAaなのに、「A」の花粉だけが作られて、aの花粉が作られないなんてことはありません。

Aaという遺伝子を持つ個体では、Aの花粉とaの花粉は同数作られます。そして、それぞれが受精できるかどうかはランダムなので、その確率はどちらも同じにならなければいけません。Aの花粉だけたくさん受精できて、aの花粉はまったくできない、なんてことにはなりません。

なので、受精たときに生じる遺伝子の組み合わせは下の表のようになります。

このように受精して生じた組み合わせに、優性の法則を当てはめてみましょう。

「丸:シワ = 3:1」になっています! これが3:1の秘密だったのです。

独立の法則

分離の法則を解明したメンデルは、続いて、2つ以上の遺伝子が関係した場合について調べました。

メンデルは今度はエンドウの種子の形と色の両方に注目しました。エンドウの種子の色には黄色の2種類があります。黄色の種子が優性緑色の種子が劣性です。

メンデルは、丸く黄色い種子のエンドウとシワのある緑の種子のエンドウを交配しました。すると、F₁の種子はすべて丸く黄色になりました。ここまでは、優性の法則の通りですね。

そして今度は、F₁でできた種子をすべて自家受粉させました。すると、次のような結果が得られました。

– 丸・黄色  315個
– シワ・黄色 101個
– 丸・緑色  108個
– シワ・緑   32個

この数字はだいたい上から「9:3:3:1」になります。どうしてこのような比率になったのでしょうか。

形質を定める遺伝子はそれぞれ別々で独立している

この雑種1世代を自家受精をした実験について、その遺伝子の組み合わせについて、

– 丸の遺伝子: A
– シワの遺伝子: a
– 黄色の遺伝子: B
– 緑の遺伝子: b

と表すことにしましょう。すると、F₁世代はすべてAaBaと表すことができます。

9:3:3:1になったのは雑種第2世代(F₂)です。またマスを使って考えてみましょう。7

遺伝子の組み合わせがAABBやAABbやAaBbと異なっていても、優性の法則を当てはめるとこの3つは「丸・黄」の種子ができますね。このように考えると、表の黄色のマス目が「丸・黄」、緑のマス目が「丸・緑」、水色のマス目が「シワ・黄」、ピンクのマス目が「シワ・緑」になります。

そして、マス目の数を数えてみると、F₂世代は9:3:3:1になります。

このように、遺伝子はそれぞれが別々に分離すると考えれば、実験の結果がうまく説明できます。つまり、種子を丸やシワにさせる形を決める遺伝子と黄色や緑にする色を決める遺伝子は別々で、独立している、ということです。また、「種子についての遺伝子」があって、その1つの遺伝子が種子の形と色の両方を決めているのではないよ、ともいえます。これが独立の法則です。

なぜメンデルは遺伝の謎を解明できたのか

「遺伝」という現象については、古くから知られていました。親と子供は全く同じではないにせよ、なんとなく雰囲気は似ています。子供は、隣の家に住んでいる夫婦より、自分の両親により似ているはずです。

しかし、この「遺伝」が科学的にどのような現象であるかは、人類の歴史の数千年間、全く解き明かされてはいませんでした。それなのに、なぜメンデルは遺伝の謎解きに成功したのでしょうか。これには三つの理由があります。

メンデルが実験を成功させて3つの理由

ひとつは、メンデルがはっきり区別がつく対立遺伝子を選んで、それに注目したからです。通常は、ひとつの形質に対して、複数の遺伝子が関わっているものです。目の色や髪の色、背の高さといった形質は、たったひとつ遺伝子だけで決定されるものではありません。しかし、メンデルが選んだエンドウの形質の場合は、たった1つの遺伝子が1つの形質を決定していました。メンデルが選んだ7つの形質はどれも、1つの対立遺伝子によって決定されるものだったのです。

二つ目の理由は、エンドウが自家受粉を行うからです。このため、メンデルはAAやaa(ホモ接合)の品種から実験をはじめ、その子孫の形質を可視化し、はっきりした分離比を得ることができました。また、エンドウがたくさんの種子を生産するというのも実験が成功した理由のひとつです。

三つ目の理由は、連鎖という現象が起きない遺伝子を選んでいたことです。ちょっと専門的になりますが、連鎖というのは同一の染色体上に異なる遺伝子が乗っている場合は、独立には遺伝をせず(独立の法則が成り立たず)、遺伝子が連れ添って一緒に遺伝するという現象が起こります。しかし、メンデルが選んだ形質は、どれも連鎖が起こらないものだったので、独立の法則を発見することができました。

メンデルは幸運だったと言えますね! しかし…

晩年は失意のうちに没した

重要な遺伝の法則をエンドウを用いて発見したメンデルは、今度はヒエラキウムというタンポポに似た黄色い花を使って実験をするようになりました。しかし、ヒエラキウムは有性生殖と無性生殖のどちらも行う植物だったのです。そのため、メンデルは自分が望んだような実験結果を得ることはできませんでした。

最初の実験でエンドウを選んだからこそ、メンデルは遺伝学の教科書の一番はじめに名があがる「遺伝学の父」になれたと言えます。

それでも、メンデルは生きているうちには自分の研究が注目されることがありませんでした。彼の死後、その重要性が「再発見」されることになります。はたして、メンデルは幸運な研究者だったのでしょうか、それとも不運だったのでしょうか…

おつかれさまでした! 以上がメンデルの法則の概要になります。

これだけ知っていれば高校のメンデルの法則はばっちりです!

追記・参考文献

  1. 雌雄同体ではない植物は雌雄異株と呼ばれますが、これには例えば、イチョウが挙げられます。イチョウの実がなれば雌株、ならなければ雄株です。また、花粉を飛ばすスギは1つの雌雄同体ではありますが、雄花と雌花に分かれていて、雄花は雌花にあるめしべまで花粉を届けようとしているのでたくさんの花粉を飛ばします。スギは必死に受粉しようとしているだけなのですが、花粉症の人には迷惑な話ですね。
  2. 受粉は「雌しべの柱頭に雄しべの花粉が付着すること」です。受精というときは、精細胞と卵が合体することを指します。植物の場合、多くの種が、受粉したあとに受精します。
  3. 優性は分離の法則を説明する「現象」として述べられたものですが、多くの教科書が優性の法則として独立して述べているので、ここでもそれに従って「優性の法則」と述べています。
  4. ここで「仮説」と述べているのは、メンデルの時代には生物学が発展しておらずメンデルの仮説を確かめる方法がなかったからです。現在ではメンデルの仮説が正しかったことが科学的に証明されています。
  5. ダニエル・ハートル『エッセンシャル 遺伝学・ゲノム学 日本語訳』より引用
  6. ちなみに、このように遺伝子(正確にはゲノム)が増えていく生物もありますが、せいぜい12くらいまで(12倍体といいます)です。
  7. ちなみに、この表はイギリスの遺伝学者R・C・パネットがはじめて用いたので、パネットの方形と呼ばれています。

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