生命の誕生の瞬間って、いつだと思いますか？
うーん、受精したとき……？
でも、受精するまえに、卵や精子が作られていなければ、受精はできないですよね！
たしかに…！ ということは、減数分裂が起こったときかな？
減数分裂！ よく知っていますね！ 減数分裂は卵や精子を作る細胞分裂です。
男性の精巣ではいつでも減数分裂が行われていますが、女性の場合、減数分裂は母親のお腹の中にいる赤ちゃんの時にだけに行われます。
つまり、あなたを形作った卵子は、あなたのお母さんがおばあちゃんのお腹の中にいたときに、減数分裂によって作られたということになります！
え、ぼくって、おばあちゃんのおなかの中で生まれたの！
減数分裂が起こったときを生命の誕生の瞬間とするなら、そういうことなりますね！
でも、ちょっと変な感じもしますよね。
この記事を読みながら、生命の誕生の瞬間がいつなのか、考えてみてください！
減数分裂と体細胞分裂の違い
細胞分裂には体細胞分裂と減数分裂があります。
常に体中で行われているのが体細胞分裂です。一方、減数分裂は精子や卵といった配偶子を作るときにだけ行われる特別な細胞分裂です。
卵や精子はいつもどこでも必要な細胞ではないですよね。そのため、減数分裂は生殖器だけで行われます。
男性の精巣では毎日新たに精子が作られますが、すでに述べたように、女性では減数分裂は胎児の時にだけに行われるので、女の子の赤ちゃんは生まれてくるときには、すでに、すべての減数分裂を終えて、将来、自分の赤ちゃんをつくるときに使う「卵子のもと」をすべてもって生まれてくることになります。
減数分裂では染色体の本数が半分になる
ヒトの場合、一部の生まれたときから染色体に異常がある場合を除いて、全員が染色体を46本持っています。
わたしたちの46本の染色体には「ヒトの作り方」の情報が入っています。染色体は「ヒト」を作る「設計書」だと思ってください。
染色体は「ヒトの作り方」というタイトルの設計書ですが、ヒトを作るには、たくさんの情報が必要なので、設計書は1巻では足りません。46巻も必要です。これが染色体が46本という意味です。
ショウジョウバエの染色体の数は8本、チンパンジーはヒトよりも多い48本、魚のコイは100巻の「設計書」が必要です。
細胞分裂が起こっていないときは、染色体はまとまってはおらず、核の中に糸のような状態で入っています。細胞分裂のときだけ、アルファベットの「X」のような形にまとまります。
わたしたちは46本のうちの半分の23本をお父さんから、もう半分の23本をお母さんからもらっています。その合計が46本なのです。
精子の中には23本の染色体が入っており、卵子にも23本が入っていて、その精子と卵が受精して受精卵になるのです。
つまり、通常の体細胞分裂は46本の染色体を持つ細胞から同じ46本の染色体を持つ細胞を作ることであることに対して、減数分裂は半数である23本の染色体しか持たない細胞を作ることなのです。
染色体の数が減るため「減数」分裂と呼ばれていますし、体細胞分裂と比べて、少し「手間」がかかるのが減数分裂なのです。
減数分裂での異常は致命的！
染色体は減数分裂が正確に起こらなかった場合、染色体が１本多くなってしまったり、また逆に１本少なくなってしまったりすることがあります。
ヒトでは必要な46冊の設計書が45冊と少なくなってしまっては、ヒトをつくるのに必要な情報が足りなくなってしまい、受精卵が正常に発育することができません。また、47冊と多くなってしまったら、今度は情報が多すぎて、どの情報を使えばよいかわからなくなり、やはり発育に障害が起こります。1
染色体の本数が正常ではないと、ほとんどの場合、胎児の段階で死んでしまうことになります。
減数分裂の過程
では、減数分裂の重要性がわかったところで、減数分裂の経過を時期ごとに分けて詳しく見ていきましょう！
減数分裂は大きく2パートに分かれます。減数分裂では連続して2回、細胞分裂が行われ、前半部分は「第一分裂」、後半部分は「第二分裂」と呼ばれます。
第一分裂も第二分裂も、それぞれ「前期」「中期」「後期」「終期」の４つの段階に分けることができます。
減数分裂を理解するためには、まず体細胞分裂をしっかりと理解していなくてはなりません。
忘れてしまっている人は、下の記事から体細胞分裂を復習してみてください！
体細胞分裂をしっかりと覚えている人は、減数第１分裂の前期から、それぞれの段階を見ていきましょう！
第一分裂 前期
第１分裂の前期はとても長く、真核生物ではほとんどの場合、数日間も続く長い時期です。そして、この第一分裂前期が、減数分裂で最も大切な時期でもあります。
そのため、減数第１分裂の前期だけは、さらに細かく５つ(細糸期・接合期・太糸期・複糸期・移動期)に分けられています。
この細かい名前は覚えなくてもOKです！
この時期の染色体は、よく見るX字型なわけではありません。「糸」の状態で、核の中に散らばっています。
そのため、光学顕微鏡(学校にある顕微鏡)で見ても、染色体を観察することはできません。
次に、染色体がの「糸」がぐるぐる巻きになって「ひも」になりはじめます。
染色体は細胞分裂の時だけアルファベットの「X」のような形をしています。その「X」の形になる前準備の段階です。
染色体の「糸」がさらに太くなる時期で、交叉が起こりはじめます。
交叉は相同染色体が手足を絡め合うように交差して、DNAを交換し合う過程のことです。交叉が起こることで、新しい組み合わせの染色体ができます。
相同染色体は、同じ大きさ、同じ形をしていますが、それぞれが持っているDNAの情報は異なります。
二価染色体がキアズマと呼ばれる部分で交わり、DNAを交換し合います。これによって、新しい組み合わせの染色体が減数分裂では作られます。
この交叉によって新しい情報を持った染色体が作られ、親と子は「コピー」ではなく、似ているけれど異なる個体となることができるのです。地球には何億人も人間がいるというのに、同じ顔を持った人はひとりもいないのは、この交叉という現象のためです。
通常、二価染色体はそれぞれ、少なくともひとつのキアズマをもっています。長い二価染色体ではキアズマの数が３つかそれ以上のこともあります。
交叉が終わると、相同染色体がお互いに反発するようになります。
相同染色体同士は少なくともひとつのキアズマで結びついていますが、まず、キアズマで結ばれていない部分が分かれはじめます。
また、第一分裂前期が終わるころには核膜がなくなります。核膜があっては細胞が２つわかれることはできないので、核膜が消え、細胞が２つに分かれる準備をしはじめるのです。
第一分裂 中期
減数第１分裂の中期では、染色体が赤道面に並びます。また、中心体からは紡錘糸が伸びはじめ、紡錘体を形成します。
紡錘体とは、細胞分裂をする時に現れる紡錘形の構造のことです。紡錘形とは、錘の形のことで、上の図のようなアメフトのボールような構造のことです。この紡錘糸が染色体をそれぞれの極に引っ張っていくことで、染色体が左右に分かれていくのです。
第一分裂 後期
減数第１分裂の後期には、紡錘糸に引っ張られて、染色体が極のどちらかに移動します。
X字型の染色体がクロスしている部分こととはセントロメアといいます。
細胞分裂のときに、セントロメア上に動原体という構造が形成されます。動原体は、いわば「糊」の役割を果たします。
動原体が「糊」として、紡錘体と結合し、紡錘体によって引っ張られ、両極に分かれます。どれがどちらの方向に行くかは完全にランダムです。
第一分裂 終期
第一分裂終期には、紡錘体が消え、２つに分かれた染色体のそれぞれの周囲に、一時的な核膜ができます。
なぜ一時的かというと、この後、連続して2回目の細胞分裂が行われるからです。一時的な核膜を持った細胞それぞれも２つに分かれます。
この終期がどのような状態で完了するかは生物の種によって異なります。染色体が太くまとまっている状態のまま、減数第二分裂前期へとすぐに移行する種もありますし、第一分裂と第二分裂の間に細胞分裂が停止する時期がある種もあります。
停止時期がある場合、細胞分裂が停止している時間は短いものですが、太くぐるぐる巻きになっている染色体は巻き戻されます(脱凝集)。
第二分裂 (前期・中期・後期・終期）
第二分裂は体細胞分裂とよく似ていて、ほんの数時間で終わります。
体細胞分裂とは異なっている点は、染色体数が同じ細胞ができるのではなく、染色体数が半分である細胞(配偶子)ができることになります。
単相と複相
通常の細胞は複相といって、同じ種類の染色体を2本ずつもっている状態です。複相は「2n」と表されることもあります。
お父さんからn、お母さんからｎの染色体をもらい、2nとなっているからです。以下のような式ですね。
n + n = 2n
そして、両親からもらう「n」の染色体は、精子や卵、つまり配偶子に入っています。
減数分裂では配偶子を作りますね。そのため、減数分裂では、細胞の染色体を「n」の状態にしなくてはなりません。
配偶子の「n」の状態のことは「単相」と呼ばれます。
第二分裂で配偶子ができるまで
第二分裂 前期
体細胞分裂の前期と同じような過程です。
紡錘体の形成がはじまり、細胞分裂の準備をします。第一分裂と第二分裂の間に停止時期がある場合、染色体が再び太くなる時期です。
第二分裂 中期
体細胞分裂の中期と同じような過程です。
赤道面に染色体が並びます。
第二分裂 後期
体細胞分裂の後期と同じような過程です。
染色体が２つに分かれ、両極に移動します。このとき、染色体の本数が、それぞれ半分ずつになります。
第二分裂 後期
体細胞分裂の後期と同じような過程です。
分かれた染色体の周りに、再び核膜が形成されます。それから、細胞膜も形成されて、それぞれの細胞に分かれます。
減数分裂では、染色体の数を減らすために、1個の細胞から4個の細胞ができます。そして、受精によって、また染色体の数は元に戻ります。
このように、生命は、nと2nの時期を永遠に繰り返しつづけているのです。
動物の雄では、一回の減数分裂でできた４つの生殖細胞は全部が配偶子になりますが、雌では１個だけが生殖機能を持った卵になり、残りの３つは退化します。退化した細胞は極体といいます。
植物では、さらに核分裂を起こし、核が複数になります。詳しくは別記事をご参照ください。
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