染色体の構造と働きについてわかりやすく解説!

染色体は細胞の核の中に納められており、DNAがぐるぐる巻きになってかたまりになった構造体のことです。染色体はいつもよく見るX字のような形であるわけではなく、細胞分裂が起こるときにだけX字を形成します。

染色体はDNAがまとまった組

染色体とはDNAが巻き付いてそれが束になったものです。普段はDNAはばらばらに細胞の核の中を漂っています。しかし、細胞分裂を行うときには、まとまって2つに分かれないといけないので、束になるのです。

染色体の本数は生物によって決まっています。ショウジョウバエは8本、ネズミは40本、ヒトは46本です。しかし、ヒトよりジャガイモのほうが48本と多くの染色体をもっています。複雑な生物ほど多くの染色体をもつわけではありません。

染色体を区別するために、番号が振られていて、大きいものから1番、2番…と決定されています。メスとオスに分かれている生物は、同じ大きさの染色体を2本ずつもっています。ヒトでは22番染色体まであるので、合計で44本です。そして、これとは別に、性別を決定する性染色体という特殊な染色体があり、男性ではXY、女性ではXXという組み合わせの染色体をもちます。これで合計46本になります。

DNA ≠ 遺伝子・染色体・ゲノム

染色体やDNAについて、以下のようなたとえで考えてみましょう。

DNAは「紙」です。つまり文字が書かれている素材、または物質といえます。そして、その紙で「本」が作られています。その本はA・T・C・Gの4文字で書かれています。アルファベットは26文字、日本語はひらがな・カタカナ・漢字とかなりたくさんの文字を使っていますから、4文字は少ないですね。

そして、その「本」にはいろいろなタイトルがあります。「ライオン」というタイトルだったり、「ハエ」というタイトルだったり「サクラ」だったり「大腸菌」だったり。わたしたちは「ヒト」というタイトルの本を持っています。そして、それぞれの本に書かれている内容は、その生物の設計図です。この部分はこういう物質で作る、という情報が書かれています。

しかし、設計図は複雑なので、1巻に収めることはできません。「イヌ」という本は78巻あります。「ネコ」という本は38巻あります。「ヒト」という本は46巻です。

このたとえは、

・ 紙 = DNA
・ 文字 = 塩基(アデニン・グアニン・チミン・シトシン)
・ タイトル = 種
・ 巻 = 染色体
・ 設計図 = DNA配列

と置き換えられます。

染色体という名前の由来

染色体は遺伝と細胞分裂に密接に関わっています。しかしながら長い間、その働きは解明されていませんでした。初めて染色体についての記載が行われたのは1875年でしたが、1900年代になって、メンデルの業績が評価されるようになってはじめて、「なんか遺伝に関係していて重要そうだ」と注目されるようになりました。

なので、染色体が遺伝にまつわる構造体だと知られるまえは「細胞にをつけるとよくまって目立つ物があるぞ」ということしかわからなかったので、「染色体」と名付けられ、その名前が現在でも使われているのです。

生物学の歴史

1903年にサットンという学者によって、メンデルの提唱した遺伝因子が対を作って分離するのだから、顕微鏡で対を作ってみえる染色体こそ遺伝因子なのではないか、という内容を発表したのですが、当時はまだ推測の域を出ませんでした。

その後、バッタの研究で染色体対がメンデルの独立の法則と分離の法則にならったものであると示されるまで、10年以上がかかりました。

染色体の構造

染色体は長い順に番号をつけてあり、1番から22番まで番号がふられています。1番が最も長い染色体です。

セントロメアについて【大学レベル】

染色体の状態を観察するには中期が最も適した時期です。分裂を止めるために、コンシチンやギムザ、キナクリンという薬品がよく用いられます。染色体にはよく染まる部分と染まらない部分があり、しま模様ができます。これはバンドと呼ばれています。

また、中期の染色分体になった状態の染色体はアルファベットのXのような形をしており、クロスしている部分はセントロメアとよばれていて、このセントロメアで上下に分けたときに、短い方を短腕(p)、長い方を長腕(q)と呼びます。このpやqに番号を組み合わせることにより、生物学者は特定のバンドを表します。1

アルファサテライトについて

すべてのヒトセントロメアに共通なDNA配列は、アルファサテライトとよばれる170bpを単位とする数十万コピーの配列である。アルファサテライトDNAのかたまりは、正常なH3を置き換えたCENPAとよばれる特異的な変異型ヒストンを含むヌクレオソームからなるクロマチンとけつごうしている。CENPAヌクレオソームが1ダース以上のキネトコアタンパク質を呼び寄せるはたらきを支援する結果、完全に集合したキネトコアができあがる。アルファサテライトの配列は染色体によって最大50%もことなるため、ヌクレオソームでのH3のCENPAによる置き換えはアルファサテライトDNAの並び方によってちょくせつきまるわけでhなあい。したがって、キネトコアの集合はエピジェネティックに決まると言われる。

キネトコアについて

セントロメアは細胞分裂で紡錘糸が付着し、染色体をいどうさせるDNAとタンパク質の複合体であるキネトコアの集合店としてはたらく。キネトコアは、紡錘糸が収縮し染色体を両極へ移動させる部位である。真核生物では、核セントロメアは100万塩基対あるいはそれ以上のDNA領域を包含している。ヘテロクロマチンから成るこうした領域は、さまざまな反復DNA配列とともにゲノム内の領域に由来する重複DNA配列の寄せ集めを含んでいる。

テロメアについて【大学レベル】

染色体にはテロメアとよばれる染色体を安定させるために必要な構造があります。

DNAの複製では3’末端からは開始できません。なので、複製された2本鎖DNAの3’末端は短い1本鎖DNAとして残されることになります。そのため、染色体のDNAは複製のたびに短くなってしまいます。

実際にはテロメラーゼとよばれるテロメアを復元する酵素があって、DNAの3’末端に配列を付加してくれるので、細胞分裂のたびに染色体が短くなりすぎるということはありません。しかし、このテロメラーゼが機能を失ってしまった細胞では、染色体の末端は複製ごとに短くなってしまい、最後には末端部分がなくなって細胞は死んでしまいます。

テロメアの部分のDNAの塩基配列はとても単純で、ヒトを含む脊椎動物では【5′-TTAGGG-3’】の繰り返しです。また、テロメアの長さが細胞分裂の回数を制限しています。

ヒトのほとんどの細胞はだいたい決まった回数の分裂をした後に、分裂をしなくなります。細胞分裂をしなくなったからといっても細胞は生きていますし、代謝もしているのですが、DNA複製のS期やその後のM期の開始が起こらないのです。これは、細胞分裂がテロメアの長さによって妨げられているからです。

細胞分裂の回数に制限のない細胞

成人したヒトのほとんどの細胞は数回分裂しただけで、分裂を停止しなければならない程度のテロメアしかもっていません。だから、大人は成長しないんですね。しかし、中には細胞分裂をし続ける細胞もあります。

たとえば、ES細胞(性幹細胞)があげられます。ES細胞は、さまざまな細胞型に分化できる能力を持った細胞です。何度も繰り返し細胞分裂をして、特化した細胞型に分化していきます。

また、がん細胞も何回も細胞分裂を行える変異した細胞です。がん細胞では、テロメラーゼ遺伝子を再活性化されたり、細胞分裂が正常に働くようにコントロールする働きを無効になったりしているからです。

追記・参考文献

  1. 短腕のpはフランス語のpetit(小さい)のpです。有名なフランスの小説『星の王子さま』は”Le Petit Prince”で、直訳すると「小さな王子さま」なのです。

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