DNAについてわかりやすく解説!【DNAの構造・はたらき】

生物学の知識がない人でも理解できるよう、わかりやすく解説してみました!

DNAは「核酸」という物質

DNAの二重らせん構造

DNAが二重らせん構造をしていることはよく知られていますね。DNAは物質名で、「デオキシリボ核酸」の略で「核酸」という物質の一種です。「水素」や「酸素」や「鉄」などと同じように「DNA」も物質ということです。

DNAとは

DNAの正式名称は「デオキシリボ核酸」です。DNAとアルファベットで記載されるのは、単に長いからです。デオキシリボ核酸は「deoxyribonucleic acid」の日本語訳で、カタカナで表記すると「デオキシライボヌクレイック・アシッド」という発音になります。

会話の中で「デオキシライボヌクレイック・アシッドは〜」と言うのはとても面倒なので、略して「DNA」と呼ばれるようになり、日本語でも英語の略称のほうが広まったというわけです。

DNAは「酸素がない糖を含んだ核にある酸性物質」という意味

「デオキシ」とは「酸素がない」「酸素が抜けた」という意味です。「リボ」というのはリボースの略で、五炭糖とう糖の一種のことです。「核酸」とは「核にある酸性の物質」という意味で、核酸は「DNA」と「RNA」に大別できます。

よって「デオキシリボ核酸」は「酸素がない糖を含んだ核にある酸性物質」という意味になります。

「DNA = 遺伝子」ではない

「DNA」と「遺伝子」という言葉を混同している人が多いですが、正確な意味は異なります。

DNAは単に物質の名前です。たしかに特殊な二重らせん構造をしてはいますが、たくさんある酸性物質と同じ物質です。

一方、遺伝子は「遺伝する物質」という意味です。誰もが知っているように、DNAは遺伝子になることができますが、RNAも遺伝子になることができます。また、私たちヒトのDNAの98%は遺伝のはたらきを持っていません。なので、ヒトのDNAの98%は遺伝子ではないのです。

これについては、話し始めると長くなるので、詳しく知りたい方は以下の記事を読んでください。

「DNA = 遺伝子」は間違い! 似ているが異なる生物学用語「DNA」「遺伝子」「ゲノム」「染色体」

二重らせん構造

DNAは「とても細長い物質」です。私たちの細胞の中にある核には、染色体という「DNAの束」が46本入っていますが、小さな小さな核の中に入ったDNAを46本つなげると、2mもの長さになるのです。

そして、ヌクレオチドという「ブロック」が、たくさん繋がることで、二重らせん構造になっています。

いきなり「ヌクレオチド」といわれてもピンとこないと思うので、わかりやすくするために、ヌクレオチドを車に例えて説明します!

ヌクレオチド

渋滞している道路を思い浮かべてください。その道路は1車線ずつしかなく、どちらの方向に進む車線も車が動けないほど渋滞しているとします。このように道路に車が並んでいるとき、「道路」にあたるのが「DNA」で、車が「ヌクレオチド」です。これがDNAの基本構造です。

道路の片方の車の進行方向が南だとすると、もう片方の車はすべて北を向いていますよね。このように、DNAもそれぞれ逆を向いた2列のヌクレオチドが集まってできた細い物質なのです。実際のDNAの「道路」はまっすぐではなく、二重らせん構造というねじれた「道路」となっています。

また二重らせん構造になっているDNAのことを「二本鎖DNA」や、単に「二本鎖」と呼んだりもします。「鎖」と呼ばれるのは、ヌクレオチドが連なって鎖のようになっているからですね。

ヌクレオチドの構成要素

DNAのヌクレオチドの構造

ヌクレオチドは、リン酸、デオキシリボース(糖)、塩基という3つの分子から成り立っています。この3つが合わさったものを1つの単位として「ヌクレオチド」と呼んでいます。このヌクレオチドが二列に並んでいったものがDNAなのです。

DNAを形作っている分子の並び方

二重らせん構造を「ねじれたハシゴ」のようなものと考えてみましょう。このとき、縦方向の2本はリン酸デオキシリボースという2つの物質が交互に並んだ鎖になっています。デオキシリボースは糖の一種です。そして、ハシゴの足をかけて上っていく部分は塩基とよばれる物質が2つ並ぶことによって橋渡しされています。

DNAは10個のヌクレオチドで1回転

二重らせん構造の模式図(左)と原子配列の立体構造(右)

DNAの二重らせんは、ヌクレオチド10組ごとにちょうど1回転します。完全にきれいな二重らせんではなく、少しいびつな形になっています。いびつになっている理由は後述します。

ちなみに、DNAの太さは約2ナノメートル(100万分の2ミリメートル)です。

ヌクレオチドの構造

リン酸

まずDNAのハシゴの左右の縦の部分の一番外側にあるリン酸の構造を見ていきましょう。リン酸基はデオキシリボースや塩基と比べたらとても小さい分子です。

リン酸

リン酸がヌクレオチドの一部となるときは「リン酸基」となり、二重結合をしていない酸素原子の部分がそれぞれ2つのデオキシリボースと結合しています。リン酸基は負の電荷をもっており、そのためヌクレオチドも負に帯電しています。

糖の構造

デオキシリボース

次にデオキシリボースについて見ていきましょう。デオキシリボースは五炭糖という糖の一種です。個の素原子を含むので、五炭糖と呼ばれています。

ヌクレオチドの糖の炭素には、どの炭素を指しているかわかるように「3’」や「5’」というようにダッシュをつけた番号がつけられており「3ダッシュの炭素」などと呼ばれます。1糖の炭素に「’」を用いるのは、ダッシュが付いていない数字は塩基の中の原子を表すときに用いられるからです。

糖の1’は塩基につながっており、5’の炭素原子と3’の炭素原子はリン酸基につながっています。ちょっとわかりづらいのですが、五角形からちょっとはみ出したところに5’の炭素があって、そことリン酸基(P)が結合しており、そして、同じ糖の3’のところに次のリン酸基が結合しています。糖は5’と3’の炭素にリン酸基を結合させていき、ハシゴの両側の縦軸を形成するのです。

ヌクレオチドの糖とリン酸基の結合

塩基 – アデニン・グアニン・チミン・シトシン

DNAが他の物質と性質を異にする、最も特殊な部分「塩基」について見ていきましょう。なぜ塩基が大切かというと、塩基こそが遺伝子を形成し、遺伝を担う情報だからです。

DNAの塩基には4種類があります。アデニン・グアニン・チミン・シトシンの4種類です。これらはアルファベットで、A・G・T・Cと略して呼ばれることが多いです。

DNAのヌクレオチド

相補的塩基対

上の図でわかるように、塩基は「AとT」「CとG」の組み合わせでつながっています。DNAの塩基同士はこの組み合わせのみでしかつながることができません。これは、塩基がジグソーパズルのピースのように独自の形をしており、それぞれ特定の相手としかぴったりとはまらないからです。

DNAの塩基同士はジグソーパズルのように特定の塩基のみと結合する

このように特定の塩基同士がぴたりとジグソーパズルのようにはまることを「相補的塩基対」といいます。

塩基は「文字」

塩基はアルファベットで記述されることが多いと前述しましたが、まさに塩基は遺伝の情報を担う「文字」の役割を果たします。アルファベットは26文字ですが、塩基は4文字しかありません。少なく思うかもしれませんが、DNAはこれだけで十分すぎるほどの情報を運ぶことができるのです。

1000個の塩基対を持つ遺伝子は4¹⁰⁰⁰種類の配列が可能となります。これは全宇宙に存在する素粒子の数より遙かに大きい数字です。このため、遺伝子はたったの4種類の塩基で多大な情報量を担うことができるのです。

塩基同士は水素結合で繋がっている

DNAの塩基同士は水素結合でつながります。AとTは2つの水素結合で、GとCは3つの水素結合でつながっています。水素結合ができる場所が異なるので、特定の塩基同士でしか結合しないのです。

チミン(青)とアデニン(緑)
水素結合は2つ
グアニン(赤)とシトシン(黄)
水素結合は3つ

追記・参考文献

  1. 日本語では「ダッシュ」と呼びますが、英語では「プライム」です。「3ダッシュの炭素」と呼ぶのは日本だけです。

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